学术视点
| 来源:【字号:大 中 小】
题目:Detection of Base Modifications Using Long-Read Sequencing: Methods, Applications, and Challenges(长读长测序技术检测碱基修饰:方法、应用与挑战)
作者:T. Sheng et al
来源:Big Data Mining and Analytics(大数据挖掘与分析), vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1276-1307.
摘要:Base modifications are fundamental epigenetic marks widely present in both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), playing crucial roles in regulating gene expression, development, aging, and the pathogenesis of various diseases. Conventional detection methods often depend on harsh chemical treatments or amplification, which can introduce biases, damage biomolecules, and limit detection accuracy. The advent of third-generation long-read sequencing technologies, such as PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) and Oxford Nanopore sequencing, has revolutionized the field by enabling direct, single-molecule resolution detection of base modifications without complex preprocessing. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the principles and advantages of these technologies, highlighting recent advances in the detection of DNA modifications (e.g., 5mC, 6mA, and 5hmC) and RNA modifications (e.g., m6A and ψ). In contrast to prior reviews that typically focus on either DNA or RNA alone, our work provides an integrated perspective on modification detection across both molecular types, covering underlying mechanisms, computational tools, and technological innovations. We further provide a comparative analysis of representative detection methods, especially those that are compatible with the latest sequencing platforms and capable of supporting complex biological contexts. We also discuss emerging applications in epigenetics, disease research, and clinical diagnostics, alongside major challenges such as enhancing detection accuracy and enabling multi-omics integration. By unifying DNA and RNA modification analysis, this review offers a more holistic framework for advancing epigenetic research and its applications.
编者译:碱基修饰是广泛存在于脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和核糖核酸(RNA)中的基本表观遗传标记,在调控基因表达、发育、衰老及多种疾病发病机制中发挥关键作用。传统检测方法通常依赖剧烈的化学处理或扩增步骤,易引入偏差、损伤生物分子,并限制检测准确性。第三代长读长测序技术,如PacBio单分子实时测序和牛津纳米孔测序等的出现革新了该领域,无需复杂预处理即可实现碱基修饰的直接、单分子分辨率检测。本综述全面概述了第三代长读长测序技术的原理与优势,重点介绍了DNA修饰及RNA修饰检测的最新进展。不同于以往局限于单一核酸类型(DNA或RNA)修饰分析的综述,本文系统梳理了涵盖两类分子的检测机制、计算工具及技术创新。此外,本文还对代表性检测方法进行了比较分析,重点是那些兼容最新测序平台、且能应对复杂生物学场景的检测方法。最后,本文探讨了长读长测序技术在表观遗传学、疾病研究及临床诊断中的新兴应用,并分析了当前面临的主要挑战,包括如何提升检测精度以及实现多组学整合等。本综述通过整合DNA与RNA修饰分析,为表观遗传学研究及其应用提供了更为系统的视角。
题目:Empowering Large Language Models for Relational Data Cleaning and Integration(赋能大模型进行关系型数据清洗与集成)
作者:X. Shi, G. J. Chung, D. Julian and L. Qiao
来源:Big Data Mining and Analytics(大数据挖掘与分析), vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1308-1327.
摘要:Relational data, as one of the most common data forms, are widely applied in fields such as recommendation systems, medical diagnosis, and traffic prediction. Relational data formats often face issues pertaining to incompleteness and deficiencies in quality, necessitating rigorous cleansing and integration processes to unleash their potential. However, different downstream tasks and data characteristics impose various requirements on the cleansing and integration processes. Currently, there is an absence of unified and effective methods. Large Language Models (LLMs), with their extensive real-world knowledge and strong natural language processing abilities, are emerging as robust tools for cleansing and integrating relational data. This study investigates techniques for tackling relational data cleaning and integration challenges, and proposes a comprehensive framework based on LLMs. The framework uses LLMs for problem-solving, integrating multi-granularity table representation models and alignment networks to improve task-related table understanding. Moreover, the framework facilitates straightforward deployment across various LLMs. To assess the efficacy of the LLMs and the proposed framework, this study performs experiments on the task of imputing missing values utilizing four real-world datasets. The experiments evaluate the performance of a proprietary LLM, an open-source LLM that has been fine-tuned, and the framework itself, comparing and analyzing their results with existing techniques. The experiments demonstrate that LLMs significantly outperform traditional methods in these tasks. Furthermore, ablation experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the framework.
编者译:关系型数据作为最常见的数据形式之一,广泛应用于推荐系统、医疗诊断和交通预测等领域。然而,关系型数据常面临不完整和质量缺陷等问题,亟需严格的清洗与集成处理以释放其潜在价值。然而,不同的下游任务和数据特征对清洗与集成提出了多样化的需求,导致现有方法难以通用,目前尚缺乏统一且有效的解决方案。大模型(LLMs)拥有丰富的现实世界知识和强大的自然语言处理能力,正逐渐成为清洗和集成关系型数据的有力工具。本研究深入探讨了解决关系型数据清洗与集成难题的相关技术,并提出了一种基于大模型的综合框架(以下简称“框架”)。该框架利用大模型进行问题求解,通过结合多粒度表格表示模型与对齐网络这两种技术,显著提升了大模型对特定任务相关表格的理解能力。此外,该框架支持在多种大模型上进行便捷部署。为了验证本文所提框架的有效性,本研究在四个真实数据集上进行了缺失值填补实验。实验选取了闭源大模型、微调后的开源大模型作为基线,与本文所提框架进行了性能对比,并将结果与现有技术进行了分析。结果显示,本文所提框架在这些任务中显著优于传统方法。此外,消融实验也进一步证实了本文所提框架中各核心组件的有效性。
题目:面向AI4S的天文数智化服务体系构建与实践——以国家天文科学数据中心为例
作者:崔辰州、许允飞、樊东卫、李长华、李珊珊、米琳莹、甘庆波、赵公博、China-VO团队
来源:数据与计算发展前沿, 2026, 8(4): 1-18.
摘要:天文学已全面步入数据密集型科学发现时代,而人工智能驱动的科学研究(AI4S)范式的兴起,对作为国家战略科技力量组成部分的科学数据中心提出了前所未有的能力提升需求。国家天文科学数据中心(NADC)面对海量异构数据的治理压力、传统数据服务模式的效率瓶颈以及支撑前沿AI4S创新的使命,系统性地规划构建了以“数智化”为核心特征的下一代天文数据服务体系。首先完整阐述该体系“三位一体”的总体设计:以应用程序接口和模型上下文协议为双核构建标准化与智能化兼备的“数据服务层”;以深度集成数据、软件、算力、模型资源的云端科研平台为承载,打造一站式“科研支撑层”;通过深度嵌入重大科学工程、革新科教融合模式、开展学科和人才建设、拓展公众科学及深化国际合作,培育开放协同的“应用生态层”。剖析该体系在LAMOST天体光谱数据库、AI智能体驱动的天关卫星时域天文发现及公众科学项目中的成功实践,展示其在提升数据智能化供给、降低前沿技术使用门槛、赋能天文学发现等方面的显著成效。NADC的探索为大数据与人工智能时代国家科学数据中心的功能重塑、能力建设与服务模式创新提供了具有示范意义的系统性解决方案。
题目:向量数据库:存储与检索技术综述
作者:马乐、张然、韩颐堃、于诗睿、王在田、宁致远、张静涵、许萍、李鹏江、乔子越、琚玮、陈冲、王东杰、刘鲲鹏、汪澎洋、王鹏飞、傅衍杰、刘春江、吕长天
来源:数据与计算发展前沿, 2026, 8(4): 42-71.
摘要:高维向量数据的涌现已超越传统数据库的处理能力,推动向量数据库(VDBs)快速发展并与大语言模型深度融合,广泛支持现代人工智能系统。然而,现有研究多集中于近似最近邻搜索等技术细节,缺乏从系统架构层面出发的整体性综述,也未深入探讨核心技术如何协同构建VDBs的综合能力。本文旨在系统梳理向量数据库的核心设计、关键算法与架构,为其发展提供完整认知框架。首先,围绕存储与检索两个核心维度,系统回顾VDBs的关键技术与设计理念,梳理其技术演进路径;其次,对比分析多款主流向量数据库的架构特性,总结其优势、局限和适用场景;最后,探讨向量数据库与大语言模型融合的前沿趋势,包括新型索引策略等开放问题与发展方向。本综述可为研究人员与从业者提供系统性参考,帮助读者把握该领域技术全景与发展动态,促进向量数据库在理论与应用层面的进一步创新。
题目:基于实数融合的可信数据空间构建
作者:李林、任伏虎、王宇奇、蔡华谦、黄毅、董锦华、叶自燊
来源:大数据,2026,12(04):24-44.
摘要:面对数据要素规模化流通难题,从系统论的角度,提出“基于实数融合的可信数据空间”整体解决方案,包括数据要素市场的制度规则设计、可信数据空间技术架构设计,以及以运营为导向、央地协同的可信数据空间全国化体系构建路径。方案创新点主要体现为“1+1+3”,即“一个(数据流通)可信管控方法论”“一个实数融合框架”及在此基础上的全国数据要素市场“一个可信数据空间”+“一个基础设施平台(多节点)”+“一个运营主体”。
